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Mandarin Toneless

Mandarin All Tones

Baxter Pulleyblank Karlgren

Mandarin

Cantonese

MCB

OCB

xiān

sin1

sjen

[sj]en

xiān

xjen

xiān

sin1

sjen

[snj]en

xiān

sin1

sin3

sen

senH

[s]ɨn

[s]ɨns

xiān

hin1

xjen

[hngw(r)j]an

xiān

xiǎn

sin2

sin2

senX

srin

senX

srin

[srj]ɨn

[srj]ɨnʔ

[srj]ɨn

[srj]ɨnʔ

xiān

cim1

ngjemX

xiān

cim1

sjem

[sj]em

xiān

sin2

sjen

sjenX

xiān

saam1

sjem

sræm

[s]ung

[srj]ung

xiān

him1

xiān

cim1

sjem

tshjem

tshjemX

xjemX

[(r)j]emʔ

[j]em

[srj]em

[srj]emʔ

xiān

hin1

kjæn

[kwj]an

xiān

caam1

caam4

xiān

caam1

caam4

saam1

srɛm

ɛmX

[r]ɨm

[srj]ɨmʔ

xiān

cim1

srɛm

[srj]em

xiān

cim1

cim3

sjem

xiān

hin1

jan1

xjæm

xiān

sjem

trim

xiān

hin1

jew

xiān

jiu1

xen

[w]aw

xiān

sin1

sjen

xiān

sin1

xiān

cam1

cim1

sjem

tshim

tsim

[ts]ɨm

[tsh]ɨm

[tsh]ɨm

xiān

cim1

xiān

cim1

sjem

[sj]em

xiān

sjen

xiān

kjæn

xiān

cim1

lim4

lim6

ljem

ljemX

xiān

lim4

lim6

ljem

ljemX

xjæm

[(r)j]am

[Crj]em

[Crj]emʔ

xiān

cim1

sam1

sim1

sjem

srim

srjem

xiān

xiǎn

sin2

sin2

senX

senX

[srj]ɨnʔ

[srj]ɨnʔ

xiān

sin1

sen

xiān

sin1

sen

sjen

xiān

saam1

sin3

sræmH

xiān

xiǎn

sin2

sin2

senX

senX

[srj]ɨnʔ

[srj]ɨnʔ

xiān

cim1

kwat

sjem

themX

[]emʔ

[hlj]em

[l]am

xiān

taam4

dam

xiān

xiān

sjem

[sj]em

xiān

xem

xiān

xiǎn

xiàn

sin1

sin2

sin1

sin2

sin1

sin2

sjen

sjenH

sjenX

sjen

sjenH

sjenX

sjen

sjenH

sjenX

[j]en

[sngwj]ens

[sngwj]enʔ

[j]en

[sngwj]ens

[sngwj]enʔ

[j]en

[sngwj]ens

[sngwj]enʔ

xiān

sjen

[sngwj]en

xiān

hin1

kjæn

xián

haam4

xián

zin4

hen

hjin

xián

zin4

ken

xián

ham4

hɛm

xián

zin4

zjen

xián

hyut3

xwet

xián

gaam1

khɛp

kɛp

xián

haam4

hɛm

[r]ɨm

xián

jin4

dan

xián

haam4

him1

hip3

khemX

[]emʔ

xián

hen

xián

jim4

hem

[kh]em

xián

haan4

hɛn

xián

jin4

jyun4

hen

[g]in

xián

haan4

haan6

hænX

hɛn

xián

cam4

dzom

dzyem

zim

xián

jin4

jenH

zjen

xián

cam4

cim4

zjem

[j]em

xián

hæm

hɛmX

xián

hen

xián

haan4

hɛn

xián

haan2

hɛn

xián

gaan3

[]an

xián

ji5

jiX

[j]ɨʔ

xián

hen

hjin

xián

jin4

hen

xwenH

[g]in

[w]ins

xián

gjem

ngɛm

xián

gin1

ken

[k]en

xián

hen

hwen

xián

jin4

hen

xián

zam1

tsyim

xián

hɛn

hɛnH

xián

jin4

hen

[g]in

xián

hɛn

xián

xián

haam4

hɛm

[r]ɨm

xián

jin4

hen

[g]in

xián

hɛm

xián

haam4

ham4

hæm

[gr]am

xián

haan4

hɛn

[gr]en

xián

gaan1

gaan3

haan4

kɛn

kɛnH

[r]en

[r]ens

xián

haan4

hɛn

xián

haam4

hɛm

[gr]ɨm

xiǎn

saan1

sin2

srin

xiǎn

laau4

nai5

mjie

xiǎn

heoi3

hip3

tiu4

khep

xiǎn

hyun1

xiǎn

sin2

xiǎn

hin2

xiǎn

sin2

senX

xiǎn

sin1

sjen

sjenX

xiǎn

hin2

hyun2

xjænX

xjɨnX

xiǎn

xjænX

xiǎn

ceon4

trhwin

[Hslrj]un

xiǎn

xiàn

haan6

haan6

hɛnX

hɛnX

xiǎn

sin2

sjenX

[sngwj]enʔ

xiǎn

sjenX

sjuH

xiǎn

him2

ngjemX

xjemX

[(r)j]emʔ

[(r)j]emʔ

xiǎn

hin2

hin3

xjænX

xiǎn

xjænX

xiǎn

hyun1

syun2

[hngj]an

xiǎn

haam5

laam6

hæmX

[r]amʔ

xiǎn

sin2

senX

[s]ɨnʔ

xiǎn

saa2

sai2

sin2

sejX

xwɛɨH

[hng]ɨjs

[sng]ijʔ

xiǎn

sai2

sejX

senX

[s]ijʔ

[s]ɨnʔ

xiǎn

lim4

lem

xem

xiǎn

saa2

srjeH

srjeX

sræX

sræjX

[Cr]ajʔ

[Cr]eʔ

[Crj]es

[srj]eʔ

xiǎn

sin2

senX

sjenX

xwijH

xiǎn

him2

ljem

ljemH

ljemX

xjemX

[(r)j]emʔ

[Crj]em

[Crj]ems

[Crj]emʔ

xiǎn

sin2

sjenX

[j]enʔ

xiǎn

him2

xjemX

[hngw(r)j]emʔ

xiǎn

sin2

sjenX

[sngwj]enʔ

xiǎn

saang2

sing2

sjengX

srængX

[rj]engʔ

[sr]engʔ

xiǎn

nei4

nei5

nejX

[snj]ijʔ

xiǎn

sin2

senX

xiǎn

senX

xiǎn

sin2

sjenX

xiǎn

xiàn

hin2

hin2

henX

khenH

xenX

henX

khenH

xenX

xiǎn

xiàn

hin1

hin1

xjæn

xjæn

[j]an

[j]an

xiǎn

him2

xjemX

[(r)j]emʔ

xiǎn

hin2

xenX

[hngw]enʔ

xiǎn

hin2

xenX

[hngw]enʔ

xiǎn

hemX

[]amʔ

xiǎn

jin6

ngaan5

ngjenX

xiàn

gin2

zin2

kjænX

xiàn

zin6

henX

xiàn

sin3

senH

xiàn

zin2

nenH

xiàn

zin5

khenH

xiàn

zin2

nenH

syang

xiàn

laam6

hemX

hɛmX

xiàn

gam3

ham3

hæmH

xiàn

zyun6

hwenH

hwenX

[gw]ins

[gw]inʔ

xiàn

haan6

hɛnX

xiàn

cim1

zaam1

semH

xiàn

haam6

hamH

homH

hɛmH

xiàn

an3

zan2

zing4

jænH

jænX

xiàn

sin3

senH

xiàn

haam6

hɛmH

kemH

xiàn

gin3

khenH

khenX

xiàn

jin5

henX

khenH

[g]enʔ

[k]ens

xiàn

haan5

hænX

kɛnX

[r]anʔ

[r]enʔ

xiàn

henX

xiàn

henX

kenX

xiàn

xjæmH

xiàn

jin6

henX

xiàn

hin3

xjænH

[hngwj]ans

xiàn

haan6

[k]an

xiàn

jin5

jin6

henX

nenH

[]-s

[g]-ʔ

xiàn

hænX

xiàn

jin6

hejX

henH

khenH

xiàn

xjænH

[hngwj]ans

xiàn

hin3

xiàn

hin3

dzyet

sa

xjænH

[(r)j]at

[hngwj]ans

[sngw]aj

xiàn

jin6

henH

[g]ens

xiàn

jin5

henX

[g]enʔ

xiàn

hɛnH

xiàn

sin3

sjenH

[j]ens

xiàn

sin3

sjenH

[sngwj]ens

xiàn

jyun2

jyun4

jyun6

hwen

hwenH

[gw]en

[gw]ɨns

xiàn

sin4

sin6

xiàn

sin6

jenH

jij

zjenH

[(r)j]ans

[Hslj]ens

[j]ij

xiàn

hip3

xjæmH

xjæp

[hngw(r)j]ams

[hngw(r)j]ap

xiàn

henX

xiàn

hɛmH

khomX

[]ɨmʔ

[r]ɨms

xiàn

jin6

hɛnH

[gr]ens

xiàn

hwenH

xiàn

gin3

jin6

henH

kenH

[g]ens

[kh]ens

xiàn

haam5

hɛmX

xiàn

senH

xiàn

laam6

hæmX

xiàn

jin6

xiàn

hɛmH

khomX

[]ɨmʔ

[r]ɨms

xiàn

sin3

sanX

xiàn

haam2

haam3

ham3

khamH

srɛmX

xæmH

[]ams

[hngwr]ams

[r]emʔ

xiàn

haan6

hɛnX

[gr]ɨnʔ

xiàn

haam6

ham6

hɛmH

[r]ɨms

xiàn

sin3

senH

[s]ens

xiàn

haam5

haam6

xiàn

zi2

trijX

[(r)j]ijʔ

Mandarin

EM

Cantonese

LMC

EMC

OCP

xiān

siăn

sin1

sian

sian

[sj]àn

xiān

xian

xian

xiān

sin1

sian

sian

[sj]àn

xiān

siăn

sin1

sin3

sian

sian`

sɛn

sɛnʰ

[sj]ə́n

[sj]ə́nʃ

xiān

hin1

xian

xian

[xj]àn

xiān

xiǎn

sin2

sin2

sian´

ʂǝn

sian´

ʂǝn

sɛnˀ

ʂin

sɛnˀ

ʂin

[sj]ə́nă

[srj]ə̀n

[sj]ə́nă

[srj]ə̀n

xiān

cim1

ŋiam´

ŋiamˀ

xiān

cim1

siam

siam

[sj]àm

xiān

sin2

sian

sian´

sian

sianˀ

xiān

saam1

siam

ʂaam

siam

ʂarm

[sw]ǝŋw

[swr]ǝŋw

xiān

him1

xiān

siăm

cim1

siam

ts‘iam

ts‘iam´

xiam´

siam

ts‘iam

ts‘iamˀ

xiamˀ

[sj]àm

[s‑sj]àm

[s‑sj]àmă

[x(r)]àmă

xiān

xiăn

hin1

kian

kɨan

[x]àn

xiān

caam1

caam4

xiān

caam1

caam4

saam1

ʂaam

ʔjaam´

ʂɛrm

ʔɛrmˀ

[sr]ə́m

[ʔr]ə́mă

xiān

cim1

ʂaam

ʂɛrm

[srj]ám

xiān

siăm

cim1

cim3

siam

siam

xiān

xiăm

xiăn

hin1

jan1

xiam

xɨam

xiān

siam

trim

siam

trim

xiān

hin1

ʔiaw

ʔiaw

xiān

jiu1

xjian

xɛn

[]àwă

xiān

sin1

sian

sian

xiān

sin1

xiān

tsim

cam1

cim1

siam

tsim

ts‘im

siam

tsim

ts‘im

[]ə̀m

[kj]ə̀m

[k‑kj]ə̀m

xiān

siăm

cim1

xiān

cim1

siam

siam

[sj]àm

xiān

sian

sian

xiān

kian

kɨan

xiān

cim1

lim4

lim6

liam

liam´

liam

liamˀ

xiān

lim4

lim6

liam

liam´

xiam

liam

liamˀ

xɨam

[Cr]àm

[Cr]àmă

[x]àm

xiān

cim1

sam1

sim1

siam

ʂaam

ʂǝm

*ʂiam

siam

ʂim

xiān

xiǎn

siănˇ

siănˇ

sin2

sin2

sian´

sian´

sɛnˀ

sɛnˀ

[sj]ə́nă

[sj]ə́nă

xiān

siăn

sin1

sian

sɛn

xiān

sin1

sian

sian

sian

sɛn

xiān

saam1

sin3

ʂaam`

ʂarmʰ

xiān

xiǎn

siănˇ

siănˇ

sin2

sin2

sian´

sian´

sɛnˀ

sɛnˀ

[sj]ə́nă

[sj]ə́nă

xiān

siăm

cim1

kuat

siam

t‘iam´

kwat

siam

t‘ɛmˀ

[*]am

[k‑kj]ámă

[sj]àm

xiān

taam4

tɦam

dam

xiān

xiān

siam

siam

[sj]àm

xiān

xjiam

xɛm

xiān

xiǎn

xiàn

siăn

siănˇ

siăn

siănˇ

siăn

siănˇ

sin1

sin2

sin1

sin2

sin1

sin2

sian

sian`

sian´

sian

sian`

sian´

sian

sian`

sian´

sian

sianʰ

sianˀ

sian

sianʰ

sianˀ

sian

sianʰ

sianˀ

[sj]àn

[sj]ànă

[sj]ànʃ

[sj]àn

[sj]ànă

[sj]ànʃ

[sj]àn

[sj]ànă

[sj]ànʃ

xiān

sian

sian

[sj]àn

xiān

hin1

kian

kɨan

xián

xjam´

haam4

xián

zin4

xɦjian

xɦjin

ɣjin

ɣɛn

xián

zin4

kjian

kɛn

xián

ham4

xɦjaam

ɣɛrm

xián

zin4

sɦian

zian

xián

hyut3

xjyat

xwɛt

xián

gaam1

kjaap

k‘jaap

kɛrp

k‘ɛrp

xián

xjam´

haam4

xɦjaam

ɣɛrm

[ăkr]ə́m

xián

jin4

tɦan

dan

xián

haam4

him1

hip3

k‘jiam´

k‘ɛmˀ

[k‑kj]ámă

xián

xɦjian

ɣɛn

xián

xiăm´

jim4

xɦjiam

ɣɛm

[ăkj]ám

xián

haan4

xɦjaan

ɣɛrn

xián

xiăn´

jin4

jyun4

xɦjian

ɣɛn

[ăk]ə́ŋj

xián

haan4

haan6

xɦjaan

xɦjaan´

ɣarnˀ

ɣɛrn

xián

siăm´

cam4

sɦim

tsɦam

ʂɦiam

dzǝm

dʑiam

zim

xián

siăn´

jin4

ian`

sɦian

jianʰ

zian

xián

cam4

cim4

sɦiam

ziam

[ăsj]àm

xián

xɦjaam

xɦjaam´

ɣarm

ɣɛrmˀ

xián

xɦjian

ɣɛn

xián

xjan´

haan4

xɦjaan

ɣɛrn

xián

haan2

xɦjaan

ɣɛrn

xián

gaan3

[‑]an

xián

ji5

ji´

jɨˀ

[ăxj]ə̀ɣă

xián

xɦjian

xɦjin

ɣjin

ɣɛn

xián

xiăn´

jin4

xjyan`

xɦjian

xwɛnʰ

ɣɛn

[]ə́ŋj

[ăk]ə́ŋj

xián

kɦiam

ŋjaam

giam

ŋɛrm

xián

kiăn

gin1

kjian

kɛn

[kj]án

xián

xɦjian

xɦjyan

ɣwɛn

ɣɛn

xián

xiăn´

jin4

xɦjian

ɣɛn

xián

zam1

tʂim

tɕim

xián

xɦjaan

xɦjaan`

ɣɛrn

ɣɛrnʰ

xián

jin4

xɦjian

ɣɛn

[ăk]ə́ŋj

xián

xɦjaan

ɣɛrn

xián

xián

xjam´

haam4

xɦjaam

ɣɛrm

[ăkr]ə́m

xián

xiăn´

jin4

xɦjian

ɣɛn

[ăk]ə́ŋj

xián

xɦjaam

ɣɛrm

xián

xjam´

haam4

ham4

xɦjaam

ɣarm

[ăkr]ám

xián

xjan´

haan4

xɦjaan

ɣɛrn

[ăkrj]án

xián

kjan`

gaan1

gaan3

haan4

kjaan

kjaan`

kɛrn

kɛrnʰ

[]án

[]án

xián

xjan´

haan4

xɦjaan

ɣɛrn

xián

haam4

xɦjaam

ɣɛrm

[ăkr]ə́m

xiǎn

saan1

sin2

ʂǝn

ʂin

xiǎn

laau4

nai5

mji

mjiă

xiǎn

heoi3

hip3

tiu4

k‘jiap

k‘ɛp

xiǎn

hyun1

xiǎn

sin2

xiǎn

hin2

xiǎn

sin2

sian´

sɛnˀ

xiǎn

sin1

sian

sian´

sian

sianˀ

xiǎn

hin2

hyun2

xian´

xin´

xɨanˀ

xɨnˀ

xiǎn

xian´

xɨanˀ

xiǎn

ceon4

tr‘yn

tr‘win

[t‑twrj]ə̀n

xiǎn

xiàn

xjan`

xjan`

haan6

haan6

xɦjaan´

xɦjaan´

ɣɛrnˀ

ɣɛrnˀ

xiǎn

sin2

sian´

sianˀ

[sj]ànă

xiǎn

sian´

syă`

sianˀ

suăʰ

xiǎn

him2

xiam´

ŋiam´

xiamˀ

ŋiamˀ

[x(r)]àmă

[ăx(r)]àmă

xiǎn

hin2

hin3

xian´

xɨanˀ

xiǎn

xian´

xɨanˀ

xiǎn

hyun1

syun2

[‑]an

xiǎn

xjam`

haam5

laam6

xɦjaam´

ɣarmˀ

[ăkr]ámă

xiǎn

siănˇ

sin2

sian´

sɛnˀ

[sj]ə́nă

xiǎn

ʂaăˇ

saa2

sai2

sin2

siaj´

xwaaj`

sɛjˀ

xwarjʰ

[s]ə́jă

[x]ǝlʃ

xiǎn

siănˇ

siˇ

sai2

siaj´

sian´

sɛjˀ

sɛnˀ

[s]ə́jă

[sj]ə́nă

xiǎn

lim4

liam

xjiam

lɛm

xɛm

xiǎn

ʂaj`

saa2

ʂaaj´

ʂaaă´

ʂŗ`

ʂŗ´

ʂarjˀ

ʂarˀ

ʂiăʰ

ʂiăˀ

[sr]àjă

[sr]àjʃ

[sr]ájă

[sr]álă

xiǎn

sin2

sian´

sian´

xyj`

sianˀ

sɛnˀ

xwiʰ

xiǎn

him2

liam

liam`

liam´

xiam´

liam

liamʰ

liamˀ

xiamˀ

[Cr]àm

[Cr]àmă

[Crj]àmʃ

[x(r)]àmă

xiǎn

siănˇ

sin2

sian´

sianˀ

[sj]ànă

xiǎn

him2

xiam´

xiamˀ

[x(r)]àmă

xiǎn

siănˇ

sin2

sian´

sianˀ

[sj]ànă

xiǎn

siŋˇ

ʂǝŋˇ

saang2

sing2

siajŋ´

ʂaajŋ´

siajŋˀ

ʂarjŋˀ

[sj]àŋjă

[sr]àŋjă

xiǎn

niˇ

nei4

nei5

niaj´

nɛjˀ

[n]ə́jă

xiǎn

siănˇ

sin2

sian´

sɛnˀ

xiǎn

sian´

sɛnˀ

xiǎn

siănˇ

sin2

sian´

sianˀ

xiǎn

xiàn

hin2

hin2

k‘jian`

xjian´

xɦjian´

k‘jian`

xjian´

xɦjian´

k‘ɛnʰ

xɛnˀ

ɣɛnˀ

k‘ɛnʰ

xɛnˀ

ɣɛnˀ

xiǎn

xiàn

xiăn

xiăn

hin1

hin1

xian

xian

xɨan

xɨan

[x]àn

[x]àn

xiǎn

xiămˇ

him2

xiam´

xiamˀ

[x(r)]àmă

xiǎn

hin2

xjian´

xɛnˀ

[mxj]ánă

xiǎn

xiănˇ

hin2

xjian´

xɛnˀ

[mxj]ánă

xiǎn

xɦiam´

*ɣɛmˀ

[ăkj]ə́mă

xiǎn

jin6

ngaan5

ŋian´

ŋianˀ

xiàn

gin2

zin2

kian´

kɨanˀ

xiàn

zin6

xɦjian´

ɣɛnˀ

xiàn

sin3

sian`

sɛnʰ

xiàn

zin2

nian`

nɛnʰ

xiàn

zin5

k‘jian`

k‘ɛnʰ

xiàn

zin2

nian`

ʂiaăŋ

nɛnʰ

ɕɨaăŋ

xiàn

xamˇ

laam6

xɦiam´

xɦjaam´

*ɣɛmˀ

ɣɛrmˀ

xiàn

gam3

ham3

xɦjaam`

ɣarmʰ

xiàn

zyun6

xɦjyan´

xɦyan`

*ɣwɛnʰ

ɣwɛnˀ

[ăkw]ə́ŋjă

[ăkw]ə́ŋjʃ

xiàn

haan6

xɦjaan´

ɣɛrnˀ

xiàn

cim1

zaam1

siam`

sɛmʰ

xiàn

haam6

xɦam`

xɦam`

xɦjaam`

ɣamʰ

ɣǝmʰ

ɣɛrmʰ

xiàn

an3

zan2

zing4

ʔian`

ʔian´

ʔɨanʰ

ʔɨanˀ

xiàn

sin3

sian`

sɛnʰ

xiàn

haam6

kjiam`

xɦjaam`

kɛmʰ

ɣɛrmʰ

xiàn

gin3

k‘jian`

k‘jian´

k‘ɛnʰ

k‘ɛnˀ

xiàn

jin5

k‘jian`

xɦjian´

k‘ɛnʰ

ɣɛnˀ

[k‑kj]ánʃ

[ăkj]ánă

xiàn

haan5

kjaan´

xɦjaan´

kɛrnˀ

ɣarnˀ

[]an

[]an

xiàn

xɦjian´

ɣɛnˀ

xiàn

kjian´

xɦjian´

kɛnˀ

ɣɛnˀ

xiàn

xiam`

xɨamʰ

xiàn

jin6

xɦjian´

ɣɛnˀ

xiàn

xiăn`

hin3

xian`

xɨanʰ

[mx]ànʃ

xiàn

haan6

[‑]an

xiàn

jin5

jin6

nian`

xɦjian´

nɛnʰ

ɣɛnˀ

[*]-ă

[]-ă

xiàn

xɦjaan´

ɣarnˀ

xiàn

jin6

k‘jian`

xɦjiaj´

xɦjian`

k‘ɛnʰ

ɣɛjˀ

ɣɛnʰ

xiàn

xian`

xɨanʰ

[mx]ànʃ

xiàn

hin3

xiàn

hin3

saă

xian`

ʂɦiat

dʑiat

saă

xɨanʰ

[s]ál

[x]ànʃ

[ăk(r)j]àt

xiàn

xiăn`

jin6

xɦjian`

ɣɛnʰ

[ăkj]ánʃ

xiàn

jin5

xɦjian´

ɣɛnˀ

[ăkj]ánă

xiàn

xɦjaan`

ɣɛrnʰ

xiàn

sin3

sian`

sianʰ

[sj]ànʃ

xiàn

siăn`

sin3

sian`

sianʰ

[sj]ànʃ

xiàn

xiăn`

jyun2

jyun4

jyun6

xɦjyan

xɦyan`

*ɣwɛnʰ

ɣwɛn

[ăkwj]án

[ăkwj]ə́nʃ

xiàn

sin4

sin6

xiàn

siăn`

sin6

ian`

ji

sɦian`

ji

jianʰ

zianʰ

[ɣ]ànʃ

[ɣj]ə̀j

[ɣ‑ɣj]ànʃ

xiàn

hip3

xiam`

xiap

xɨamʰ

xɨap

[mx]àmʃ

[mx]àp

xiàn

xɦjian´

ɣɛnˀ

xiàn

k‘am´

xɦjaam`

k‘ǝmˀ

ɣɛrmʰ

[k‑k]ə́mă

[ăkr]ə́mʃ

xiàn

xjan`

jin6

xɦjaan`

ɣɛrnʰ

[ăkrj]ánʃ

xiàn

xɦyan`

*ɣwɛnʰ

xiàn

kiăn`

gin3

jin6

kjian`

xɦjian`

kɛnʰ

ɣɛnʰ

[kj]ánʃ

[ăkj]ánʃ

xiàn

haam5

xɦjaam´

ɣɛrmˀ

xiàn

sian`

sɛnʰ

xiàn

xjam`

laam6

xɦjaam´

ɣarmˀ

xiàn

jin6

xiàn

k‘am´

xɦjaam`

k‘ǝmˀ

ɣɛrmʰ

[k‑k]ə́mă

[ăkr]ə́mʃ

xiàn

sin3

san´

sanˀ

xiàn

k‘jam`

haam2

haam3

ham3

k‘am`

xjaam`

ʂaam´

k‘amʰ

xarmʰ

ʂɛrmˀ

[]ámă

[x]ámʃ

[xr]ámʃ

xiàn

xjan`

haan6

xɦjaan´

ɣɛrnˀ

[ăkr]ə́nă

xiàn

xjam`

haam6

ham6

xɦjaam`

ɣɛrmʰ

[ăkr]ə́mʃ

xiàn

siăn`

xiăn`

sin3

sian`

sɛnʰ

[sj]ánʃ

xiàn

xjam`

haam5

haam6

xiàn

zi2

tri´

triˀ

[tr]ə̀jă

Mandarin

Cantonese

MCK

OCK

xiān

sin1

si̯än1

si̯an1

xiān

χi̯än1

xiān

sin1

si̯än1

si̯an1

xiān

sin1

sin3

sien1

sien3

siǝn1

siǝn3

xiān

hin1

χi̯än1

χi̯an1

xiān

xiǎn

sin2

sin2

sien2

ṣi̯ĕn1

sien2

ṣi̯ĕn1

siǝn2

ṣi̯ɛn1

siǝn2

ṣi̯ɛn1

xiān

cim1

ngi̯äm2

xiān

cim1

si̯äm1

si̯am1

xiān

sin2

si̯än1

si̯än2

xiān

saam1

si̯äm1

ṣam1

sông1!!

ṣông1!!

xiān

him1

xiān

cim1

si̯äm1

ts‘i̯äm1

ts‘i̯äm2

χi̯äm2

si̯am1

ts‘i̯am1

ts‘i̯am2

χi̯am2

xiān

hin1

ki̯ɒn1

kǝn1!!

xiān

caam1

caam4

xiān

caam1

caam4

saam1

ṣăm1

ˑăm2

ṣɛm1

ˑɛm2

xiān

cim1

ṣăm1

ṣăm1

xiān

cim1

cim3

si̯äm1

xiān

hin1

jan1

χi̯ɒm1

xiān

si̯äm1

tˆi̯ǝm1

xiān

hin1

ˑi̯wäu1

xiān

jiu1

χien1

χog1!!

xiān

sin1

si̯än1

xiān

sin1

xiān

cam1

cim1

si̯äm1

tsi̯ǝm1

ts‘i̯ǝm1

sǝm1!!

tsi̯ǝm1

ts‘i̯ǝm1

xiān

cim1

xiān

cim1

si̯äm1

si̯am1

xiān

si̯än1

xiān

ki̯ɒn1

xiān

cim1

lim4

lim6

li̯äm1

li̯äm2

xiān

lim4

lim6

li̯äm1

li̯äm2

χi̯ɒm1

li̯am1

li̯am2

χi̯ăm1

xiān

cim1

sam1

sim1

si̯äm1

ṣi̯äm1

ṣi̯ǝm1

xiān

xiǎn

sin2

sin2

sien2

sien2

siǝn2

siǝn2

xiān

sin1

sien1

xiān

sin1

sien1

si̯än1

xiān

saam1

sin3

ṣam3

xiān

xiǎn

sin2

sin2

sien2

sien2

siǝn2

siǝn2

xiān

cim1

kuât

si̯äm1

t‘iem2

kâm4!!

si̯am1

t‘iam2

xiān

taam4

d‘âm1

xiān

xiān

si̯äm1

si̯am1

xiān

χiem1

xiān

xiǎn

xiàn

sin1

sin2

sin1

sin2

sin1

sin2

si̯än1

si̯än2

si̯än3

si̯än1

si̯än2

si̯än3

si̯än1

si̯än2

si̯än3

si̯an1

si̯an2

si̯an3

si̯an1

si̯an2

si̯an3

si̯an1

si̯an2

si̯an3

xiān

si̯än1

si̯an1

xiān

hin1

ki̯ɒn1

xián

haam4

xián

zin4

ɣien1

ɣi̯ĕn1

xián

zin4

kien1

xián

ham4

ɣăm1

xián

zin4

zi̯än1

xián

hyut3

χiwet

xián

gaam1

kăp

k‘ăp

xián

haam4

ɣăm1

g‘ɛm1

xián

jin4

d‘ân1

xián

haam4

him1

hip3

k‘iem2

k‘iam2

xián

ɣien1

xián

jim4

ɣiem1

g‘iam1

xián

haan4

ɣăn1

xián

jin4

jyun4

ɣien1

g‘ien1

xián

haan4

haan6

ɣan2

ɣăn1

xián

cam4

dz‘ậm1

zi̯ǝm1

źi̯äm1

xián

jin4

i̯än3

zi̯än1

xián

cam4

cim4

zi̯äm1

zi̯am1

xián

ɣam1

ɣăm2

xián

ɣien1

xián

haan4

ɣăn1

xián

haan2

ɣăn1

xián

gaan3

-ân1??

xián

ji5

i̯i2

zi̯ǝg2

xián

ɣien1

ɣi̯ĕn1

xián

jin4

ɣien1

χiwen3

g‘ien1

χiwen3

xián

g‘i̯äm1

ngăm1

xián

gin1

kien1

kian1

xián

ɣien1

ɣiwen1

xián

jin4

ɣien1

xián

zam1

tśi̯ǝm1

xián

ɣăn1

ɣăn3

xián

jin4

ɣien1

g‘ien1

xián

ɣăn1

xián

xián

haam4

ɣăm1

g‘ɛm1

xián

jin4

ɣien1

g‘ien1

xián

ɣăm1

xián

haam4

ham4

ɣam1

g‘am1

xián

haan4

ɣăn1

g‘ăn1

xián

gaan1

gaan3

haan4

kăn1

kăn3

kăn1

kăn3

xián

haan4

ɣăn1

xián

haam4

ɣăm1

g‘ɛm1

xiǎn

saan1

sin2

ṣi̯ĕn1

xiǎn

laau4

nai5

miḙ1

xiǎn

heoi3

hip3

tiu4

k‘iep

xiǎn

hyun1

xiǎn

sin2

xiǎn

hin2

xiǎn

sin2

sien2

xiǎn

sin1

si̯än1

si̯än2

xiǎn

hin2

hyun2

χi̯ǝn2

χi̯ɒn2

xiǎn

χi̯ɒn2

xiǎn

ceon4

tˆ‘i̯wĕn1

t‘i̯wǝn1

xiǎn

xiàn

haan6

haan6

ɣăn2

ɣăn2

xiǎn

sin2

si̯än2

si̯an2

xiǎn

si̯u3

si̯än2

xiǎn

him2

ngi̯äm2

χi̯äm2

ngi̯am2

χi̯am2

xiǎn

hin2

hin3

χi̯ɒn2

xiǎn

χi̯ɒn2

xiǎn

hyun1

syun2

-ân1??

xiǎn

haam5

laam6

ɣam2

g‘am2

xiǎn

sin2

sien2

siǝn2

xiǎn

saa2

sai2

sin2

siei2

χwai3

sied2

χwĕg3

xiǎn

sai2

siei2

sien2

sied2

siǝn2

xiǎn

lim4

liem1

χiem1

xiǎn

saa2

ṣa2

ṣai2

ṣiḙ2

ṣiḙ3

ṣa2

ṣi̯ĕg2

ṣi̯ĕg3

ṣĕg2

xiǎn

sin2

sien2

si̯än2

χwi3

xiǎn

him2

li̯äm1

li̯äm2

li̯äm3

χi̯äm2

li̯am1

li̯am2

li̯am3

χi̯am2

xiǎn

sin2

si̯än2

si̯an2

xiǎn

him2

χi̯äm2

χi̯am2

xiǎn

sin2

si̯än2

si̯an2

xiǎn

saang2

sing2

si̯ɒng2

ṣɒng2

si̯ĕng2

ṣieng2

xiǎn

nei4

nei5

niei2

nieg2

xiǎn

sin2

sien2

xiǎn

sien2

xiǎn

sin2

si̯än2

xiǎn

xiàn

hin2

hin2

k‘ien3

ɣien2

χien2

k‘ien3

ɣien2

χien2

xiǎn

xiàn

hin1

hin1

χi̯ɒn1

χi̯ɒn1

χi̯ăn1

χi̯ăn1

xiǎn

him2

χi̯äm2

χi̯am2

xiǎn

hin2

χien2

χian2

xiǎn

hin2

χien2

χian2

xiǎn

ɣiem2

g‘iem2

xiǎn

jin6

ngaan5

ngi̯än2

xiàn

gin2

zin2

ki̯ɒn2

xiàn

zin6

ɣien2

xiàn

sin3

sien3

xiàn

zin2

nien3

xiàn

zin5

k‘ien3

xiàn

zin2

nien3

śi̯ang1

xiàn

laam6

ɣiem2

ɣăm2

xiàn

gam3

ham3

ɣam3

xiàn

zyun6

ɣiwen2

ɣiwen3

g‘iwen2

g‘iwen3

xiàn

haan6

ɣăn2

xiàn

cim1

zaam1

siem3

xiàn

haam6

ɣâm3

ɣậm3

ɣăm3

xiàn

an3

zan2

zing4

ˑi̯ɒn2

ˑi̯ɒn3

xiàn

sin3

sien3

xiàn

haam6

kiem3

ɣăm3

xiàn

gin3

k‘ien2

k‘ien3

xiàn

jin5

k‘ien3

ɣien2

g‘ian2

k‘ian3

xiàn

haan5

kăn2

ɣan2

g‘an2

kăn2

xiàn

ɣien2

xiàn

kien2

ɣien2

xiàn

χi̯ɒm3

xiàn

jin6

ɣien2

xiàn

hin3

χi̯ɒn3

χi̯ăn3

xiàn

haan6

-ân1??

xiàn

jin5

jin6

nien3

ɣien2

g‘-2!!

n-3!!

xiàn

ɣan2

xiàn

jin6

k‘ien3

ɣiei2

ɣien3

xiàn

χi̯ɒn3

χi̯ăn3

xiàn

hin3

xiàn

hin3

sâ1

źi̯ät

χi̯ɒn3

dˆ‘i̯at1

sâ1

χi̯ăn3

xiàn

jin6

ɣien3

g‘ian3

xiàn

jin5

ɣien2

g‘ian2

xiàn

ɣăn3

xiàn

sin3

si̯än3

si̯an3

xiàn

sin3

si̯än3

si̯an3

xiàn

jyun2

jyun4

jyun6

ɣiwen1

ɣiwen3

g‘iwan1

g‘iwǝn3

xiàn

sin4

sin6

xiàn

sin6

i̯i1

i̯än3

zi̯än3

zi̯an3

zi̯an3

zân1!!

xiàn

hip3

χi̯ɒm3

χi̯ɒp

χi̯ăm3

χi̯ăp1

xiàn

ɣien2

xiàn

k‘ậm2

ɣăm3

g‘ɛm3

k‘ǝm2

xiàn

jin6

ɣăn3

g‘ăn3

xiàn

ɣiwen3

xiàn

gin3

jin6

kien3

ɣien3

g‘ian3

kian3

xiàn

haam5

ɣăm2

xiàn

sien3

xiàn

laam6

ɣam2

xiàn

jin6

xiàn

k‘ậm2

ɣăm3

g‘ɛm3

k‘ǝm2

xiàn

sin3

sân2

xiàn

haam2

haam3

ham3

k‘âm3

ṣăm2

χam3

k‘âm3

ṣăm2

χam3

xiàn

haan6

ɣăn2

g‘ɛn2

xiàn

haam6

ham6

ɣăm3

g‘ɛm3

xiàn

sin3

sien3

sian3

xiàn

haam5

haam6

xiàn

zi2

tˆi2

t-2!!