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Mandarin Toneless

Mandarin All Tones

Baxter Pulleyblank Karlgren

Mandarin

Cantonese

MCB

OCB

jiān

gim1

kem

kemH

[g]am

[g]ems

jiān

kɛn

[kwr]ɨn

jiān

gin1

ej

ken

[]ij

[k]in

jiān

gaan1

kan

[k]an

jiān

gaan1

kæn

[kr]an

jiān

[]an

jiān

zim1

tsjem

jiān

jiǎn

zin1

zin2

zin1

zin2

dzan

sanH

srɛt

tsen

tsjenX

dzan

sanH

srɛt

tsen

tsjenX

[dz]an

[dz]en

[r]at

[ts]ans

[tsj]enʔ

[dz]an

[dz]en

[r]at

[ts]ans

[tsj]enʔ

jiān

zin1

dzan

[ts]an

jiān

jiǎn

zin1

zin2

zin1

zin2

tsjenX

tsjenX

[tsj]enʔ

[tsj]enʔ

jiān

gai1

kej

[k]ij

jiān

gaam1

hɛm

jiān

cim1

zim1

srɛm

jiān

cim1

tsjem

[j]em

jiān

zeoi1

zeoi2

zeoi3

dzjoX

tshjo

tsjo

tsjoH

tsrjo

[j]as

[tshj]a

[tsj]a

[tsrj]a

[tsrj]aʔ

jiān

jiàn

cin2

cin2

tsen

tshjenX

tsen

tshjenX

[ts]en

[tsj]enʔ

[ts]en

[tsj]enʔ

jiān

jiàn

zin1

zin1

dzen

tsen

tsjen

tsjenH

dzen

tsen

tsjen

tsjenH

[dz]en

[ts]en

[tsj]en

[tsj]ens

[dz]en

[ts]en

[tsj]en

[tsj]ens

jiān

daam1

zaam3

drim

khɛmX

tom

[dr]ɨm

[r]ɨmʔ

[t]ɨm

jiān

jiàn

zim1

zim6

zim1

zim6

dzjemX

tsjem

dzjemX

tsjem

[dzj]emʔ

[tsj]em

[dzj]emʔ

[tsj]em

jiān

jiàn

zin1

zin3

zin1

zin3

tsen

tsjenH

tsen

tsjenH

[]en

[tsj]ens

[]en

[tsj]ens

jiān

jiān

cim1

zim1

tsjem

[j]em

jiān

jiǎn

jiàn

zin1

zin1

zin1

tsjen

tsjenH

tsjen

tsjenH

tsjen

tsjenH

[tsj]en

[tsj]ens

[tsj]en

[tsj]ens

[tsj]en

[tsj]ens

jiān

zim1

tsjem

[ts]ɨm

jiān

zin1

tsen

jiān

jiǎn

gin1

gin1

gjen

kjæn

gjen

kjæn

jiān

ken

[k]en

jiān

kɛm

jiān

zam1

kɛm

tsyim

jiān

jiàn

gaam1

gaam3

gaam1

gaam3

kæm

kæmH

kæm

kæmH

[kr]am

[kr]ams

[kr]am

[kr]ams

jiān

laam4

kæm

[gr]am

jiān

zin1

tsen

jiān

zin1

tsen

tsjenH

tsjenX

jiān

gaam1

zin1

kɛm

[gr]ɨm

jiān

gim1

kem

jiān

cim1

sjem

[sj]em

jiān

gin1

ken

[k]en

jiān

gaan1

kɛn

[kwr]ɨn

jiān

gaan1

kæn

[kr]an

jiān

gin1

ken

jiān

gaan1

kæn

jiān

gim1

kem

[]am

jiān

gaan1

kɛn

[kr]en

jiān

tsjem

jiān

gin1

ken

ngenH

jiān

[]an

jiān

hin1

xjæn

[j]an

jiān

gin1

heng

[g]eng

jiān

tsjem

jiān

jiàn

gaan1

gaan3

haan4

gaan1

gaan3

haan4

kɛn

kɛnH

kɛn

kɛnH

[r]en

[r]ens

[r]en

[r]ens

jiān

jiǎn

jiàn

gaan1

gaan3

gaan1

gaan3

gaan1

gaan3

[k]an

[k]an

[k]an

jiān

gin1

khan

khanH

kjæn

kɛn

jiān

jiàn

gin1

gin1

kjæn

kjæn

[j]an

[j]an

jiān

zin1

tsen

jiān

khɛn

[khr]en

jiān

[]an

jiān

gjen

kjæn

[gw(r)j]an

[gwj]an

jiān

jiǎn

zin1

zin1

tsjen

tsjenH

tsjenX

tsjen

tsjenH

tsjenX

[tsj]en

[tsj]ens

[tsj]enʔ

[tsj]en

[tsj]ens

[tsj]enʔ

jiān

gim1

hɛm

kem

jiān

gin1

ken

jiān

ken

khɛng

ngen

ngɛk

jiān

gin1

ken

jiān

gim1

kem

jiān

ken

jiǎn

gin2

zin2

kjænX

jiǎn

zin2

zin3

tsjenX

jiǎn

zaat3

swat

jiǎn

zim1

zim3

womH

jiǎn

tsrænX

jiǎn

gin2

jiǎn

wun2

jiǎn

gan2

henX

jiǎn

gim6

gjemX

[(r)j]emʔ

jiǎn

gaam2

jiǎn

zin2

tsjenX

[tsj]enʔ

jiǎn

zin2

dzwan

tswan

jiǎn

gaan2

jiǎn

gin2

gjænX

jiǎn

zin2

tsjenX

[ts]inʔ

jiǎn

zin2

jiǎn

kenX

jiǎn

gaan2

kɛnX

lenH

[Cr]ens

[r]enʔ

jiǎn

gim2

ljemX

jiǎn

kɛnX

jiǎn

gaan2

kɛnX

[r]enʔ

jiǎn

jiàn

gaan2

gaan2

jiǎn

jiàn

gin6

kin2

gin6

kin2

gjænX

gjænX

[gwj]anʔ

[gwj]anʔ

jiǎn

gim2

kjemX

[(r)j]emʔ

jiǎn

gaam2

hɛmX

kɛmX

[gr]ɨmʔ

[gr]ɨmʔ

jiǎn

kjænX

jiǎn

gim2

lim4

kjemX

jiǎn

gan2

jiǎn

jiàn

gaan2

gan2

gaan2

gan2

kenX

kenX

jiǎn

zam1

tsyim

[k]ɨm

jiǎn

gaan2

[g]an

jiǎn

kenX

jiǎn

gaan2

kenX

[k]-ʔ

jiǎn

zin2

tsjenX

[tsj]enʔ

jiǎn

kjenX

jiǎn

kenX

jiǎn

gaan2

gin2

kenX

[k]-ʔ

jiǎn

gin2

hin1

kjenX

[k(r)j]anʔ

jiǎn

gin2

jin4

kenX

ngen

ngenH

[]en

[]ens

[k]enʔ

jiǎn

gin2

kjenX

kjænX

[k(r)j]anʔ

[kj]anʔ

jiǎn

cin2

cin4

zin2

dzjen

tsjenX

[dzj]enʔ

[tshrj]en

jiǎn

kænH

jiǎn

him2

xjemX

[(r)j]emʔ

jiǎn

hin1

khjen

[kh(r)j]an

jiǎn

gam3

zam1

jiǎn

gaan2

kɛmX

jiǎn

gaan2

kɛmX

tshjem

jiǎn

cai4

zai6

zi1

dzej

dzejH

[dz]ij

[dz]ijs

jiǎn

kenX

jiàn

gin1

gin6

kin4

kjæn

jiàn

ham3

ham5

lam6

hæmX

kæm

kæmH

lamH

jiàn

cin5

dzjenX

jiàn

gaam1

gaam3

kaam4

naap1

kim

jiàn

lam6

hæmH

xamX

[g]amʔ

[gr]ams

jiàn

goi1

ngoi4

koj

ngoj

jiàn

gaan2

gaan3

kænH

jiàn

gaam2

him1

ngam4

ngɛm

jiàn

ham5

lam6

hæmX

hɛmX

jiàn

gam3

ham3

hæmH

jiàn

dzjemX

jiàn

cin2

gap3

sim2

zim6

zit6

dzjemX

jiàn

gin1

zin1

kjæn

jiàn

cim3

zan2

zit6

tsamX

jiàn

gin3

khenH

khenX

jiàn

gin6

gjenX

jiàn

cin5

zin1

dzjenX

tsjenX

[dzj]enʔ

[tshj]enʔ

jiàn

gin6

phjænH

[kwj]ans

jiàn

zim2

zim3

thet

jiàn

cim3

cim5

zim3

tsemH

[ts]ɨms

jiàn

gim3

[]am

jiàn

jiàn

kwomH

jiàn

gin3

kjænH

[gwj]ans

jiàn

kin4

gjen

kjænX

[j]anʔ

[kw(r)j]an

jiàn

kjænH

jiàn

zin3

dzenH

dzwonH

[dz]ins

[dz]uns

jiàn

tsjenH

jiàn

haam5

laam6

jiàn

haam5

laam6

hæmX

[r]amʔ

jiàn

gin3

jin2

jiàn

zin3

dzenH

[dz]ins

jiàn

gaan3

[k]an

jiàn

laam6

hæmX

lamH

[]ams

[r]amʔ

jiàn

dzenH

tsen

jiàn

zin3

jiàn

hon4

hon6

ngon6

ngan

nganH

[]an

[]ans

jiàn

dzwonH

jiàn

haan2

hɛn

jiàn

gaan3

[]an

jiàn

zin3

tsjenH

[tsj]ens

jiàn

zim6

nriX

jiàn

gin3

kjæn

phjænH

[gwj]an

[gwj]ans

jiàn

dzenH

jiàn

laam6

hæmX

jiàn

gan3

loeng4

long4

ngonH

jiàn

zin3

dzenH

[dz]ins

jiàn

saam1

dzjemX

[dzj]emʔ

jiàn

zin3

tsenH

[ts]ɨns

jiàn

zim6

dzjem

dzjemX

jiàn

gaan2

kɛnH

jiàn

gin3

jin6

henH

kenH

[g]ens

[kh]ens

jiàn

kɛn

kɛnH

pjenX

jiàn

jiàn

zin2

zin3

dzjenH

dzjenX

[dzj]ens

[tsj]enʔ

jiàn

gaan3

kænH

[r]ens

jiàn

cam3

zam3

tsrimH

[tsr]ɨms

jiàn

zin6

dzjenH

[dzj]ens

jiàn

kemH

jiàn

nin2

nin5

denX

nenX

[]ɨnʔ

[d]ɨnʔ

jiàn

cin5

zin6

dzjenX

[dzj]enʔ

jiàn

jiàn

ken

kenH

jiàn

gin6

gjen

gjenX

gjænX

[kw(r)j]an

[kw(r)j]anʔ

[kwj]anʔ

jiàn

zaam6

dzam

dzamH

dzamX

dzjemX

dzrɛm

jiàn

gaam3

kæm

kæmH

[kr]am

[kr]ams

jiàn

gaam3

kæmH

jiàn

gjenX

jiàn

zin3

dzjenH

dzjenX

[dzj]ens

[dzj]enʔ

jiàn

zim6

Mandarin

EM

Cantonese

LMC

EMC

OCP

jiān

kiăm

gim1

kiam

kjiam`

*kɛm

kɛmʰ

[kj]ámʃ

[kj]ə́m

jiān

kjaan

kɛrn

[xr]ə́n

jiān

kiăn

gin1

kjian

ʔjiaj

kɛn

ʔɛj

[x]ə́ŋj

[ʔ]ə́j

jiān

kjan

gaan1

kan

kan

[k]án

jiān

kjan

gaan1

kjaan

karn

[kr]án

jiān

[‑]an

jiān

tsiăm

zim1

tsiam

tsiam

jiān

jiǎn

zin1

zin2

zin1

zin2

san`

tsian

tsian´

tsɦan

ʂaat

san`

tsian

tsian´

tsɦan

ʂaat

dzan

sanʰ

tsianˀ

tsɛn

ʂɛrt

dzan

sanʰ

tsianˀ

tsɛn

ʂɛrt

[kj]ànă

[kj]án

[s]ánʃ

[sr]át

[ăkj]án

[kj]ànă

[kj]án

[s]ánʃ

[sr]át

[ăkj]án

jiān

ts‘an´

zin1

tsɦan

dzan

[ăkj]án

jiān

jiǎn

zin1

zin2

zin1

zin2

tsian´

tsian´

tsianˀ

tsianˀ

[kj]ànă

[kj]ànă

jiān

gai1

kjiaj

kɛj

[x]ə́j

jiān

kjam

gaam1

xɦjaam

ɣɛrm

jiān

cim1

zim1

ʂaam

ʂɛrm

jiān

tsiăm

cim1

tsiam

tsiam

[]àm

jiān

ts‘y

zeoi1

zeoi2

zeoi3

tsiă

tsiă`

tsɦiă´

ts‘iă

tʂǝă

dzɨăˀ

tsɨă

tsɨăʰ

ts‘ɨă

tʂɨă

[kj]àɣ

[kj]àɣʃ

[krj]àɣ

[k‑kj]àɣ

[ăkj]àɣă

jiān

jiàn

ts‘iănˇ

ts‘iănˇ

cin2

cin2

tsian

ts‘ian´

tsian

ts‘ian´

tsɛn

ts‘ianˀ

tsɛn

ts‘ianˀ

[kj]án

[k‑kj]ànă

[kj]án

[k‑kj]ànă

jiān

jiàn

tsiăn

tsiăn

zin1

zin1

tsian

tsian

tsian`

tsɦian

tsian

tsian

tsian`

tsɦian

dzɛn

tsian

tsianʰ

tsɛn

dzɛn

tsian

tsianʰ

tsɛn

[kj]àn

[kj]ànʃ

[kj]án

[ăkj]án

[kj]àn

[kj]ànʃ

[kj]án

[ăkj]án

jiān

tʂam`

tʂ‘im´

daam1

zaam3

k‘iam´

tam

trɦim

*k‘ɛrmˀ

drim

tǝm

[t]ə́m

[xr]ə́mă

[ătr]ə̀m

jiān

jiàn

tsiăm

tsiăm`

tsiăm

tsiăm`

zim1

zim6

zim1

zim6

tsiam

tsɦiam´

tsiam

tsɦiam´

dziamˀ

tsiam

dziamˀ

tsiam

[kj]àm

[ăkj]àmă

[kj]àm

[ăkj]àmă

jiān

jiàn

tsiăn

tsiăn`

tsiăn

tsiăn`

zin1

zin3

zin1

zin3

tsian

tsian`

tsian

tsian`

tsianʰ

tsɛn

tsianʰ

tsɛn

[kj]ànʃ

[kj]án

[kj]ànʃ

[kj]án

jiān

jiān

cim1

zim1

tsiam

tsiam

[]àm

jiān

jiǎn

jiàn

tsiăn

tsiăn`

tsiăn

tsiăn`

tsiăn

tsiăn`

zin1

zin1

zin1

tsian

tsian`

tsian

tsian`

tsian

tsian`

tsian

tsianʰ

tsian

tsianʰ

tsian

tsianʰ

[kj]àn

[kj]ànʃ

[kj]àn

[kj]ànʃ

[kj]àn

[kj]ànʃ

jiān

zim1

tsiam

tsiam

[kj]ǝm

jiān

zin1

tsian

tsɛn

jiān

jiǎn

gin1

gin1

kian

kɦian

kian

kɦian

gian

kɨan

gian

kɨan

jiān

kjian

kɛn

[kj]án

jiān

kjaam

kɛrm

jiān

tʂim

zam1

kjaam

tʂim

kɛrm

tɕim

jiān

jiàn

kjam

kjam`

kjam

kjam`

gaam1

gaam3

gaam1

gaam3

kjaam

kjaam`

kjaam

kjaam`

karm

karmʰ

karm

karmʰ

[kr]ám

[kr]ámʃ

[kr]ám

[kr]ámʃ

jiān

laam4

kjaam

karm

[kr]ám

jiān

tsiăn

zin1

tsian

tsɛn

jiān

tsiăn

zin1

tsian

tsian`

tsian´

tsianʰ

tsianˀ

tsɛn

jiān

kjam

gaam1

zin1

kjaam

kɛrm

[kr]ə́m

jiān

kiăm

gim1

kiam

*kɛm

jiān

cim1

siam

siam

[sj]àm

jiān

kiăn

gin1

kjian

kɛn

[kj]án

jiān

kjan

gaan1

kjaan

kɛrn

[xr]ə́n

jiān

kjan

gaan1

kjaan

karn

[kr]án

jiān

gin1

kjian

kɛn

jiān

gaan1

kjaan

karn

jiān

gim1

kiam

*kɛm

[kj]ə́m

jiān

gaan1

kjaan

kɛrn

[]an

jiān

tsiam

tsiam

jiān

gin1

kjian

ŋjian`

kɛn

ŋɛnʰ

jiān

[‑]an

jiān

xiăn

hin1

xian

xɨan

[x]àn

jiān

gin1

xɦjiajŋ

ɣɛjŋ

[ăkw]áŋj

jiān

tsiam

tsiam

jiān

jiàn

kjan`

kjan`

gaan1

gaan3

haan4

gaan1

gaan3

haan4

kjaan

kjaan`

kjaan

kjaan`

kɛrn

kɛrnʰ

kɛrn

kɛrnʰ

[]án

[]án

[]án

[]án

jiān

jiǎn

jiàn

kjan

kjan

kjan

gaan1

gaan3

gaan1

gaan3

gaan1

gaan3

[‑]an

[‑]an

[‑]an

jiān

gin1

kian

kjaan

k‘an

k‘an`

kɛrn

kɨan

k‘an

k‘anʰ

jiān

jiàn

gin1

gin1

kian

kian

kɨan

kɨan

[kw]àn

[kw]àn

jiān

tsiăn

zin1

tsian

tsɛn

jiān

k‘jaan

k‘ɛrn

[k‑krj]án

jiān

[‑]an

jiān

kian

kɦian

gian

kɨan

[]àn

[kw]àn

jiān

jiǎn

zin1

zin1

tsian

tsian`

tsian´

tsian

tsian`

tsian´

tsian

tsianʰ

tsianˀ

tsian

tsianʰ

tsianˀ

[kj]àn

[kj]ànă

[kj]ànʃ

[kj]àn

[kj]ànă

[kj]ànʃ

jiān

kiăm

gim1

kiam

xɦjaam

*kɛm

ɣɛrm

jiān

gin1

kjian

kɛn

jiān

kjian

k‘jaajŋ

ŋjaajk

ŋjian

kɛn

k‘ɛrjŋ

ŋɛn

ŋɛrjk

jiān

gin1

kjian

kɛn

jiān

kiăm

gim1

kiam

*kɛm

jiān

kjian

kɛn

jiǎn

gin2

zin2

kian´

kɨanˀ

jiǎn

zin2

zin3

tsian´

tsianˀ

jiǎn

zaat3

suat

swat

jiǎn

zim1

zim3

ʔyam`

ʔuamʰ

jiǎn

tʂaan´

tʂarnˀ

jiǎn

kiănˇ

gin2

jiǎn

wun2

jiǎn

gan2

xɦjian´

ɣɛnˀ

jiǎn

kiăm`

gim6

kɦiam´

giamˀ

[]àmă

jiǎn

gaam2

jiǎn

tsiănˇ

zin2

tsian´

tsianˀ

[kj]ànă

jiǎn

zin2

tsuan

tsɦuan

dzwan

tswan

jiǎn

gaan2

jiǎn

gin2

kɦian´

gɨanˀ

jiǎn

zin2

tsian´

tsianˀ

[kj]ǝŋjă

jiǎn

zin2

jiǎn

kjian´

kɛnˀ

jiǎn

kjanˇ

gaan2

kjaan´

lian`

kɛrnˀ

lɛnʰ

[Crj]ánʃ

[krj]ánă

jiǎn

kiămˇ

gim2

liam´

liamˀ

jiǎn

kjaan´

kɛrnˀ

jiǎn

gaan2

kjaan´

kɛrnˀ

[krj]ánă

jiǎn

jiàn

kiănˇ

kiănˇ

gaan2

gaan2

jiǎn

jiàn

gin6

kin2

gin6

kin2

kɦian´

kɦian´

gɨanˀ

gɨanˀ

[]ànʃ

[]ànʃ

jiǎn

gim2

kiam´

kiamˀ

[x(r)]àmă

jiǎn

kjamˇ

gaam2

kjaam´

xɦjaam´

kɛrmˀ

ɣɛrmˀ

[kr]ə́mă

[ăkr]ə́mă

jiǎn

kian´

kɨanˀ

jiǎn

kiămˇ

gim2

lim4

kiam´

kiamˀ

jiǎn

gan2

jiǎn

jiàn

kiănˇ

kiănˇ

gaan2

gan2

gaan2

gan2

kjian´

kjian´

kɛnˀ

kɛnˀ

jiǎn

tʂim

zam1

tʂim

tɕim

[k(r)]ə̀m

jiǎn

kjanˇ

gaan2

[‑]an

jiǎn

kjian´

kɛnˀ

jiǎn

gaan2

kjian´

kɛnˀ

[*]-ă

jiǎn

tsiănˇ

zin2

tsian´

tsianˀ

[kj]ànă

jiǎn

kian´

kianˀ

jiǎn

kjian´

kɛnˀ

jiǎn

gaan2

gin2

kjian´

kɛnˀ

[*]-ă

jiǎn

gin2

hin1

kian´

kianˀ

[kw]ànă

jiǎn

gin2

jin4

kjian´

ŋjian

ŋjian`

kɛnˀ

ŋɛn

ŋɛnʰ

[xj]ánă

[ăxj]án

[ăxj]ánʃ

jiǎn

kiănˇ

gin2

kian´

kian´

kianˀ

kɨanˀ

[kw]ànă

[kw]ànă

jiǎn

ts‘iăn´

cin2

cin4

zin2

tsian´

tsɦian

dzian

tsianˀ

[kj]ànă

[ăkj]àn

jiǎn

kjaan`

karnʰ

jiǎn

xiămˇ

him2

xiam´

xiamˀ

[x(r)]àmă

jiǎn

k‘iăn

hin1

k‘ian

k‘ian

[k‑kw]àn

jiǎn

gam3

zam1

jiǎn

kjamˇ

gaan2

kjaam´

kɛrmˀ

jiǎn

gaan2

kjaam´

ts‘iam

kɛrmˀ

ts‘iam

jiǎn

tsi`

ts‘i´

cai4

zai6

zi1

tsɦiaj

tsɦiaj`

dzɛj

dzɛjʰ

[ăkj]ə́j

[ăkj]ə́jʃ

jiǎn

kjian´

kɛnˀ

jiàn

gin1

gin6

kin4

kian

kɨan

jiàn

ham3

ham5

lam6

kjaam

kjaam`

lam`

xɦjaam´

karm

karmʰ

lamʰ

ɣarmˀ

jiàn

cin5

tsɦian´

dzianˀ

jiàn

gaam1

gaam3

kaam4

naap1

kim

kim

jiàn

lam6

xam´

xɦjaam`

xamˀ

ɣarmʰ

[xj]ámă

[ăkr]ámʃ

jiàn

goi1

ngoi4

kaj

ŋaj

kǝj

ŋǝj

jiàn

kjan`

gaan2

gaan3

kjaan`

karnʰ

jiàn

gaam2

him1

ngam4

ŋjaam

ŋɛrm

jiàn

ham5

lam6

xɦjaam´

xɦjaam´

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ɣɛrmˀ

jiàn

gam3

ham3

xɦjaam`

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jiàn

tsɦiam´

dziamˀ

jiàn

cin2

gap3

sim2

zim6

zit6

tsɦiam´

dziamˀ

jiàn

gin1

zin1

kian

kɨan

jiàn

cim3

zan2

zit6

tsam´

tsamˀ

jiàn

gin3

k‘jian`

k‘jian´

k‘ɛnʰ

k‘ɛnˀ

jiàn

kiăn`

gin6

kɦian´

gianˀ

jiàn

cin5

zin1

tsian´

tsɦian´

dzianˀ

tsianˀ

[kj]ànă

[ăkj]ànă

jiàn

kiăn`

gin6

p‘ian`

p‘ɨanʰ

[p‑p]ànʃ

jiàn

zim2

zim3

t‘iat

t‘ɛt

jiàn

tsiăm`

cim3

cim5

zim3

tsiam`

tsɛmʰ

[kj]ə́mʃ

jiàn

gim3

[‑]am

jiàn

kiăm`

jiàn

kyam`

kuamʰ

jiàn

kiăn`

gin3

kian`

kɨanʰ

[kw]ànʃ

jiàn

kin4

kian´

kɦian

gian

kɨanˀ

[]ànʃ

[kw]ànă

jiàn

kian`

kɨanʰ

jiàn

zin3

tsɦian`

tsɦun`

dzwǝnʰ

dzɛnʰ

[ăkj]ə́nʃ

[ăkwj]ə́nʃ

jiàn

tsian`

tsianʰ

jiàn

haam5

laam6

jiàn

xjam`

haam5

laam6

xɦjaam´

ɣarmˀ

[ăkr]ámă

jiàn

gin3

jin2

jiàn

zin3

tsɦian`

dzɛnʰ

[ăkj]ə́nʃ

jiàn

gaan3

[‑]an

jiàn

lam`

laam6

lam`

xɦjaam´

lamʰ

ɣarmˀ

[Cr]ámʃ

[ăkr]ámă

jiàn

tsian

tsɦian`

dzɛnʰ

tsɛn

jiàn

tsiăn`

zin3

jiàn

hon4

hon6

ngon6

ŋan

ŋan`

ŋan

ŋanʰ

[ăx]án

[ăx]ánʃ

jiàn

tsɦun`

dzwǝnʰ

jiàn

haan2

xɦjaan

ɣɛrn

jiàn

gaan3

[‑]an

jiàn

tsiăn`

zin3

tsian`

tsianʰ

[kj]ànʃ

jiàn

zim6

nri´

nrɨˀ

jiàn

gin3

kian

p‘ian`

kɨan

p‘ɨanʰ

[kw]àn

[p‑p]ànʃ

jiàn

tsɦian`

dzɛnʰ

jiàn

xjam`

laam6

xɦjaam´

ɣarmˀ

jiàn

gan3

loeng4

long4

ŋǝn`

ŋǝnʰ

jiàn

zin3

tsɦian`

dzɛnʰ

[ăkj]ə́nʃ

jiàn

saam1

tsɦiam´

dziamˀ

[ăkj]àmă

jiàn

tsiăn`

zin3

tsian`

tsɛnʰ

[kj]ə́nʃ

jiàn

zim6

tsɦiam

tsɦiam´

dziam

dziamˀ

jiàn

gaan2

kjaan`

kɛrnʰ

jiàn

kiăn`

gin3

jin6

kjian`

xɦjian`

kɛnʰ

ɣɛnʰ

[kj]ánʃ

[ăkj]ánʃ

jiàn

kjan`

kjaan

kjaan`

pian´

kɛrn

kɛrnʰ

pianˀ

jiàn

kjan`

jiàn

zin2

zin3

tsɦian`

tsɦian´

dzianʰ

dzianˀ

[ăkj]ànă

[ăkj]ànʃ

jiàn

gaan3

kjaan`

karnʰ

[kr]ánʃ

jiàn

tʂǝm`

cam3

zam3

tʂǝm`

tʂimʰ

[krj]ə̀mʃ

jiàn

tsiăn`

zin6

tsɦian`

dzianʰ

[ăkj]ànʃ

jiàn

kjiam`

kɛmʰ

jiàn

nin2

nin5

nian´

tɦian´

dɛnˀ

nɛnˀ

[nj]ə́nă

[ătj]ə́nă

jiàn

tsiăn`

cin5

zin6

tsɦian´

dzianˀ

[ăkj]ànă

jiàn

jiàn

kjian

kjian`

kɛn

kɛnʰ

jiàn

gin6

kɦian

kɦian´

kɦian´

gian

gianˀ

gɨanˀ

[]ànʃ

[]ànʃ

[]ànʃ

jiàn

tsam`

zaam6

tsɦam

tsɦam`

tsɦam´

tsɦiam´

tʂɦaam

dzam

dzamʰ

dzamˀ

dziamˀ

dʐɛrm

jiàn

kjam`

gaam3

kjaam

kjaam`

karm

karmʰ

[kr]ám

[kr]ámʃ

jiàn

gaam3

kjaam`

karmʰ

jiàn

kɦian´

gianˀ

jiàn

tsiăn`

zin3

tsɦian`

tsɦian´

dzianʰ

dzianˀ

[ăkj]ànă

[ăkj]ànʃ

jiàn

zim6

Mandarin

Cantonese

MCK

OCK

jiān

gim1

kiem1

kiem3

kiam3

kiem1

jiān

kăn1

kɛn1

jiān

gin1

kien1

ˑiei1

kien1

ˑied1

jiān

gaan1

kân1

kân1

jiān

gaan1

kan1

kan1

jiān

-ân1??

jiān

zim1

tsi̯äm1

jiān

jiǎn

zin1

zin2

zin1

zin2

dz‘ân1

sân3

ṣăt

tsien1

tsi̯än2

dz‘ân1

sân3

ṣăt

tsien1

tsi̯än2

dz‘ân1

sân3

ṣăt1

tsian1

tsi̯an2

dz‘ân1

sân3

ṣăt1

tsian1

tsi̯an2

jiān

zin1

dz‘ân1

dz‘ân1

jiān

jiǎn

zin1

zin2

zin1

zin2

tsi̯än2

tsi̯än2

tsi̯an2

tsi̯an2

jiān

gai1

kiei1

kieg1

jiān

gaam1

ɣăm1

jiān

cim1

zim1

ṣăm1

jiān

cim1

tsi̯äm1

tsi̯am1

jiān

zeoi1

zeoi2

zeoi3

dz‘i̯wo2

tsi̯wo1

tsi̯wo3

tṣi̯wo1

ts‘i̯wo1

dz‘i̯o2

tsi̯o1

tsi̯o3

tṣi̯o1

ts‘i̯o1

jiān

jiàn

cin2

cin2

tsien1

ts‘i̯än2

tsien1

ts‘i̯än2

tsian1

ts‘i̯an2

tsian1

ts‘i̯an2

jiān

jiàn

zin1

zin1

dz‘ien1

tsien1

tsi̯än1

tsi̯än3

dz‘ien1

tsien1

tsi̯än1

tsi̯än3

dz‘ian1

tsian1

tsi̯an1

tsi̯an3

dz‘ian1

tsian1

tsi̯an1

tsi̯an3

jiān

daam1

zaam3

dˆ‘i̯ǝm1

k‘ăm2

tậm1

d‘i̯ǝm1

k‘ɛm2

tǝm1

jiān

jiàn

zim1

zim6

zim1

zim6

dz‘i̯äm2

tsi̯äm1

dz‘i̯äm2

tsi̯äm1

dz‘i̯am2

tsi̯am1

dz‘i̯am2

tsi̯am1

jiān

jiàn

zin1

zin3

zin1

zin3

tsien1

tsi̯än3

tsien1

tsi̯än3

tsian1

tsi̯an3

tsian1

tsi̯an3

jiān

jiān

cim1

zim1

tsi̯äm1

tsi̯am1

jiān

jiǎn

jiàn

zin1

zin1

zin1

tsi̯än1

tsi̯än3

tsi̯än1

tsi̯än3

tsi̯än1

tsi̯än3

tsi̯an1

tsi̯an3

tsi̯an1

tsi̯an3

tsi̯an1

tsi̯an3

jiān

zim1

tsi̯äm1

tsǝm1!!

jiān

zin1

tsien1

jiān

jiǎn

gin1

gin1

g‘i̯än1

ki̯ɒn1

g‘i̯än1

ki̯ɒn1

jiān

kien1

kian1

jiān

kăm1

jiān

zam1

kăm1

tśi̯ǝm1

jiān

jiàn

gaam1

gaam3

gaam1

gaam3

kam1

kam3

kam1

kam3

kam1

kam3

kam1

kam3

jiān

laam4

kam1

kam1

jiān

zin1

tsien1

jiān

zin1

tsien1

tsi̯än2

tsi̯än3

jiān

gaam1

zin1

kăm1

kɛm1

jiān

gim1

kiem1

jiān

cim1

si̯äm1

si̯am1

jiān

gin1

kien1

kian1

jiān

gaan1

kăn1

kɛn1

jiān

gaan1

kan1

kan1

jiān

gin1

kien1

jiān

gaan1

kan1

jiān

gim1

kiem1

kiem1

jiān

gaan1

kăn1

kăn1

jiān

tsi̯äm1

jiān

gin1

kien1

ngien3

jiān

-ân1??

jiān

hin1

χi̯ɒn1

χi̯ăn1

jiān

gin1

ɣieng1

g‘ieng1

jiān

tsi̯äm1

jiān

jiàn

gaan1

gaan3

haan4

gaan1

gaan3

haan4

kăn1

kăn3

kăn1

kăn3

kăn1

kăn3

kăn1

kăn3

jiān

jiǎn

jiàn

gaan1

gaan3

gaan1

gaan3

gaan1

gaan3

-ân1??

-ân1??

-ân1??

jiān

gin1

ki̯ɒn1

kăn1

k‘ân1

k‘ân3

jiān

jiàn

gin1

gin1

ki̯ɒn1

ki̯ɒn1

ki̯ăn1

ki̯ăn1

jiān

zin1

tsien1

jiān

k‘ăn1

k‘ăn1

jiān

-ân1??

jiān

g‘i̯än1

ki̯ɒn1

g‘i̯an1

ki̯ăn1

jiān

jiǎn

zin1

zin1

tsi̯än1

tsi̯än2

tsi̯än3

tsi̯än1

tsi̯än2

tsi̯än3

tsi̯an1

tsi̯an2

tsi̯an3

tsi̯an1

tsi̯an2

tsi̯an3

jiān

gim1

kiem1

ɣăm1

jiān

gin1

kien1

jiān

kien1

k‘ɛng1

ngien1

ngɛk

jiān

gin1

kien1

jiān

gim1

kiem1

jiān

kien1

jiǎn

gin2

zin2

ki̯ɒn2

jiǎn

zin2

zin3

tsi̯än2

jiǎn

zaat3

suât

jiǎn

zim1

zim3

ˑi̯wɒm3

jiǎn

tṣan2

jiǎn

gin2

jiǎn

wun2

jiǎn

gan2

ɣien2

jiǎn

gim6

g‘i̯äm2

g‘i̯am2

jiǎn

gaam2

jiǎn

zin2

tsi̯än2

tsi̯an2

jiǎn

zin2

dz‘uân1

tsuân1

jiǎn

gaan2

jiǎn

gin2

g‘i̯ɒn2

jiǎn

zin2

tsi̯än2

tsien2!!

jiǎn

zin2

jiǎn

kien2

jiǎn

gaan2

kăn2

lien3

kăn2

lian3

jiǎn

gim2

li̯äm2

jiǎn

kăn2

jiǎn

gaan2

kăn2

kăn2

jiǎn

jiàn

gaan2

gaan2

jiǎn

jiàn

gin6

kin2

gin6

kin2

g‘i̯ɒn2

g‘i̯ɒn2

g‘i̯ăn2

g‘i̯ăn2

jiǎn

gim2

ki̯äm2

ki̯am2

jiǎn

gaam2

kăm2

ɣăm2

g‘ɛm2

kɛm2

jiǎn

ki̯ɒn2

jiǎn

gim2

lim4

ki̯äm2

jiǎn

gan2

jiǎn

jiàn

gaan2

gan2

gaan2

gan2

kien2

kien2

jiǎn

zam1

tśi̯ǝm1

tˆi̯ǝm1

jiǎn

gaan2

-ân1??

jiǎn

kien2

jiǎn

gaan2

kien2

k-2!!

jiǎn

zin2

tsi̯än2

tsi̯an2

jiǎn

ki̯än2

jiǎn

kien2

jiǎn

gaan2

gin2

kien2

k-2!!

jiǎn

gin2

hin1

ki̯än2

ki̯an2

jiǎn

gin2

jin4

kien2

ngien1

ngien3

kian2

ngian1

ngian3

jiǎn

gin2

ki̯än2

ki̯ɒn2

ki̯an2

ki̯ăn2

jiǎn

cin2

cin4

zin2

dz‘i̯än1

tsi̯än2

dz‘i̯an1

tsi̯an2

jiǎn

kan3

jiǎn

him2

χi̯äm2

χi̯am2

jiǎn

hin1

k‘i̯än1

k‘i̯an1

jiǎn

gam3

zam1

jiǎn

gaan2

kăm2

jiǎn

gaan2

kăm2

ts‘i̯äm1

jiǎn

cai4

zai6

zi1

dz‘iei1

dz‘iei3

dz‘ied1

dz‘ied3

jiǎn

kien2

jiàn

gin1

gin6

kin4

ki̯ɒn1

jiàn

ham3

ham5

lam6

kam1

kam3

lâm3

ɣam2

jiàn

cin5

dz‘i̯än2

jiàn

gaam1

gaam3

kaam4

naap1

ki̯ǝm1

jiàn

lam6

ɣam3

χâm2

g‘am3

χâm2

jiàn

goi1

ngoi4

kậi1

ngậi1

jiàn

gaan2

gaan3

kan3

jiàn

gaam2

him1

ngam4

ngăm1

jiàn

ham5

lam6

ɣam2

ɣăm2

jiàn

gam3

ham3

ɣam3

jiàn

dz‘i̯äm2

jiàn

cin2

gap3

sim2

zim6

zit6

dz‘i̯äm2

jiàn

gin1

zin1

ki̯ɒn1

jiàn

cim3

zan2

zit6

tsâm2

jiàn

gin3

k‘ien2

k‘ien3

jiàn

gin6

g‘i̯än2

jiàn

cin5

zin1

dz‘i̯än2

tsi̯än2

dz‘i̯an2

tsi̯an2

jiàn

gin6

p‘i̯ɒn3

p‘i̯ăn3

jiàn

zim2

zim3

t‘iet

jiàn

cim3

cim5

zim3

tsiem3

tsiem3

jiàn

gim3

-âm1??

jiàn

jiàn

ki̯wɒm3

jiàn

gin3

ki̯ɒn3

ki̯ăn3

jiàn

kin4

g‘i̯än1

ki̯ɒn2

g‘i̯an1

ki̯ăn2

jiàn

ki̯ɒn3

jiàn

zin3

dz‘ien3

dz‘uǝn3

dz‘iǝn3

dz‘wǝn3

jiàn

tsi̯än3

jiàn

haam5

laam6

jiàn

haam5

laam6

ɣam2

g‘am2

jiàn

gin3

jin2

jiàn

zin3

dz‘ien3

dz‘iǝn3

jiàn

gaan3

-ân1??

jiàn

laam6

lâm3

ɣam2

g‘am2

lâm3

jiàn

dz‘ien3

tsien1

jiàn

zin3

jiàn

hon4

hon6

ngon6

ngân1

ngân3

ngân1

ngân3

jiàn

dz‘uǝn3

jiàn

haan2

ɣăn1

jiàn

gaan3

-ân1??

jiàn

zin3

tsi̯än3

tsi̯an3

jiàn

zim6

ńi2

jiàn

gin3

ki̯ɒn1

p‘i̯ɒn3

ki̯ăn1

p‘i̯ăn3

jiàn

dz‘ien3

jiàn

laam6

ɣam2

jiàn

gan3

loeng4

long4

ngǝn3

jiàn

zin3

dz‘ien3

dz‘iǝn3

jiàn

saam1

dz‘i̯äm2

dz‘i̯am2

jiàn

zin3

tsien3

tsiǝn3

jiàn

zim6

dz‘i̯äm1

dz‘i̯äm2

jiàn

gaan2

kăn3

jiàn

gin3

jin6

kien3

ɣien3

g‘ian3

kian3

jiàn

kăn1

kăn3

pi̯än2

jiàn

jiàn

zin2

zin3

dz‘i̯än2

dz‘i̯än3

dz‘i̯an2

dz‘i̯an3

jiàn

gaan3

kan3

kan3

jiàn

cam3

zam3

tṣi̯ǝm3

tṣi̯ǝm3

jiàn

zin6

dz‘i̯än3

dz‘i̯an3

jiàn

kiem3

jiàn

nin2

nin5

d‘ien2

nien2

d‘iǝn2

niǝn2

jiàn

cin5

zin6

dz‘i̯än2

dz‘i̯an2

jiàn

jiàn

kien1

kien3

jiàn

gin6

g‘i̯än1

g‘i̯än2

g‘i̯ɒn2

g‘i̯an1

g‘i̯an2

g‘i̯ăn2

jiàn

zaam6

dẓ‘ăm1

dz‘i̯äm2

dz‘âm1

dz‘âm2

dz‘âm3

jiàn

gaam3

kam1

kam3

kam1

kam3

jiàn

gaam3

kam3

jiàn

g‘i̯än2

jiàn

zin3

dz‘i̯än2

dz‘i̯än3

dz‘i̯an2

dz‘i̯an3

jiàn

zim6