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Mandarin Toneless

Mandarin All Tones

Baxter Pulleyblank Karlgren

Mandarin

Cantonese

MCB

OCB

hān

hán

hàn

ham1

ham3

ham4

ngam4

ngam6

ngan4

ham1

ham3

ham4

ngam4

ngam6

ngan4

ham1

ham3

ham4

ngam4

ngam6

ngan4

homH

xom

homH

xom

homH

xom

[]ɨm

[gw]ɨms

[]ɨm

[gw]ɨms

[]ɨm

[gw]ɨms

hān

ham1

hamH

xam

hān

lim5

lim6

xam

hān

ham

hān

hon4

hon6

ngon6

ngan

nganH

[]an

[]ans

hān

hán

hon4

hon4

ham

ham

hān

ham1

xam

hān

ham1

xom

hān

hàn

ham4

ham4

ham

ham

[gw]am

[gw]am

hān

hon1

nganH

ngat

xan

hān

xom

hān

ham

hān

hon4

hon6

hanH

xan

hán

hon4

hán

ham4

xom

hán

haam4

hán

haam6

ham4

hán

ham4

hom

hán

ham4

hom

hán

ham4

hom

hán

hàn

hon4

hon6

hon4

hon6

han

hanH

han

hanH

hán

ham4

hom

kom

hán

haam4

hom

hɛm

[g]ɨm

[gr]ɨm

hán

hán

ham4

hom

[gw]ɨm

hán

hom

[g]ɨm

hán

hon4

han

[g]an

hán

hán

gon1

kan

[k]an

hán

gon3

kanH

[kw]ans

hán

hom

hán

gaam1

hɛm

hán

hàn

hon4

hon6

hong6

hon4

hon6

hong6

han

hanH

kan

han

hanH

kan

[g]an

[g]ans

[k]an

[g]an

[g]ans

[k]an

hán

hàn

homH

homH

hán

hàn

haam4

haam4

hom

ngomX

hom

ngomX

[]ɨmʔ

[g]ɨm

[]ɨmʔ

[g]ɨm

hán

hàn

jim1

jim1

jemX

ngomX

ɛm

ɛmH

jemX

ngomX

ɛm

ɛmH

[]ɨmʔ

[]ɨmʔ

[r]ɨm

[r]ɨms

[]ɨmʔ

[]ɨmʔ

[r]ɨm

[r]ɨms

hán

hàn

ham3

ham3

homH

homH

hán

hom

hán

hom

ngomX

hán

gon1

hon4

han

[g]an

hán

hon4

han

kan

[g]an

[k]an

hán

hàn

ham4

hon4

ham4

hon4

ham

han

ham

han

hán

gon1

hong5

xangX

hán

kim4

gjem

hán

hom

hán

hon4

[]an

hán

hàn

gap3

hap6

gap3

hap6

kop

ngomX

kop

ngomX

hán

hàn

hon4

hon6

hon4

hon6

hanH

khæn

hanH

khæn

[g]ans

[khr]an

[g]ans

[khr]an

hǎn

gaan2

gaan3

kænH

hǎn

ham3

hamH

tsrhæmH

xæmX

hǎn

gam3

ham3

hæmH

hǎn

hàn

hon2

hon2

xanH

xanX

xanH

xanX

hǎn

hanX

hǎn

hàn

hon5

hon5

hanX

hanX

hǎn

ze1

tsjæ

hǎn

tshyæH

[thj]jAks

hǎn

haam3

ham6

hɛmX

xamX

zrɛmX

hǎn

laam4

laam6

khamH

lamH

xamX

[]ams

[]ams

[kh]amʔ

hǎn

haam5

hæmX

[r]amʔ

hǎn

hàn

hon2

hon2

[]an

[]an

hǎn

hàn

hon5

hon6

hon5

hon6

xanX

xanX

hǎn

xæmX

hǎn

hin1

xjæn

[j]an

hǎn

haam2

haam3

ham3

khamH

srɛmX

xæmH

[]ams

[hngwr]ams

[r]emʔ

hǎn

haam2

hàn

zat6

dzit

hàn

hon6

xæmH

hàn

hon6

hanH

hàn

hon6

hanH

xaX

hàn

hon6

hanH

hàn

heoi1

xju

hàn

hon6

hyun1

wun6

hwanX

sywon

xjwonX

hàn

hon2

hon3

zin5

xanH

hàn

hon6

hong2

hanH

hàn

haam6

hamH

homH

hɛmH

hàn

khamX

xamH

hàn

ham

hamH

hàn

haam2

zim2

xomH

xomX

hàn

hàn

aa1

hon3

xanH

xanX

[hngw]ans

[hngw]anʔ

hàn

hanH

hàn

ngwænH

hàn

hon5

hon6

hanH

[g]ans

hàn

ham6

homH

[kj]ɨms

hàn

hon6

hanH

[g]ans

hàn

hon2

hon5

hon6

hanH

hænX

[g]ans

[gr]anʔ

hàn

haam5

hon6

hæmX

khom

khɛmX

hàn

ham6

ngomX

hàn

gon3

hon6

kanH

[k]ans

hàn

hon5

hanX

[g]anʔ

hàn

wun5

hwanX

hàn

hon3

xanH

xanX

[hng]ans

[ngy]anʔ

hàn

gam1

kam

[kw]am

hàn

hon3

xanH

[hng]ans

hàn

gam2

kamX

thamH

hàn

wun2

wun5

hwanX

[gw]anʔ

hàn

hon6

hanH

hàn

taan1

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nanH

than

xanX

[]anʔ

[hnr]an

[n]ans

hàn

hon6

xanX

hàn

hon3

hon5

nyenX

xanH

xanX

[hng(r)j]anʔ

[hng]ans

[hng]anʔ

hàn

hanX

hàn

hon6

hwænX

[gwr]anʔ

hàn

hon6

han

hanH

[gw]an

[gw]ans

hàn

homH

ngomX

hàn

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haam5

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[]ɨmʔ

hàn

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homH

ngomX

hàn

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hanH

hàn

hamH

xæmH

xæp

hàn

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ngon6

hanH

ngan

nganH

tsæn

[]an

[]an

[]ans

[g]ans

hàn

hon6

hanH

[g]ans

hàn

hon6

hàn

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hanH

[g]ans

hàn

hanH

hàn

ham5

hom

ngomX

[]ɨmʔ

[gw]ɨm

hàn

ham5

hom

ngomX

hàn

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jam1

khim

khjimX

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[]ɨmʔ

[khw]ɨm

[khw]ɨmʔ

hàn

hon5

hon6

hanH

hàn

gon1

hon6

kan

hàn

hon4

han

[gw]an

Mandarin

EM

Cantonese

LMC

EMC

OCP

hān

hán

hàn

xam`

xam`

xam`

ham1

ham3

ham4

ngam4

ngam6

ngan4

ham1

ham3

ham4

ngam4

ngam6

ngan4

ham1

ham3

ham4

ngam4

ngam6

ngan4

xam

xɦam`

xam

xɦam`

xam

xɦam`

xǝm

ɣǝmʰ

xǝm

ɣǝmʰ

xǝm

ɣǝmʰ

[w]ə́mʃ

[x]ə́m

[w]ə́mʃ

[x]ə́m

[w]ə́mʃ

[x]ə́m

hān

xam

ham1

xam

xɦam`

xam

ɣamʰ

hān

liăm`

liămˇ

lim5

lim6

xam

xam

hān

xɦam

ɣam

hān

hon4

hon6

ngon6

ŋan

ŋan`

ŋan

ŋanʰ

[ăx]án

[ăx]ánʃ

hān

hán

hon4

hon4

xɦam

xɦam

ɣam

ɣam

hān

ham1

xam

xam

hān

ham1

xam

xǝm

hān

hàn

xam

xam

ham4

ham4

xɦam

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ɣam

ɣam

[ăk]ám

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hān

hon1

xan

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ŋat

xan

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hān

xam

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hān

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xan`

hon4

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xan

xɦan`

xan

ɣanʰ

hán

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hán

ham4

xam

xǝm

hán

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hán

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ham4

hán

ham4

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hán

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hán

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hán

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hon4

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xɦan

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ɣan

ɣanʰ

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hán

ham4

kam

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kǝm

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hán

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kan

gon1

kan

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[k]ánʃ

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kan

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kan

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kan

ɣan

ɣanʰ

kan

ɣan

ɣanʰ

[k]án

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[ăk]ánʃ

[k]án

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hán

hàn

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ɣǝmʰ

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hán

hàn

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[ăk]ə́m

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hán

hàn

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[ăx]ə́mă

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[ʔr]ə́mʃ

[ăx]ə́mă

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hán

hàn

xam`

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hán

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ŋǝmˀ

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hán

gon1

hon4

xɦan

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hán

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kan

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kan

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hán

hàn

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hán

gon1

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xaăŋ´

xaăŋˀ

hán

k‘iăm´

kim4

kɦiam

giam

hán

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ɣǝm

hán

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[‑]an

hán

hàn

gap3

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kap

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kǝp

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hán

hàn

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k‘jaan

xɦan`

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xɦan`

k‘arn

ɣanʰ

k‘arn

ɣanʰ

[k‑kr]án

[ăk]ánʃ

[k‑kr]án

[ăk]ánʃ

hǎn

kjan`

gaan2

gaan3

kjaan`

karnʰ

hǎn

ham3

tʂ‘aam`

xjaam´

xɦam`

tʂ‘armʰ

xarmˀ

ɣamʰ

hǎn

gam3

ham3

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ɣarmʰ

hǎn

hàn

hon2

hon2

xan`

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hǎn

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hǎn

hàn

hon5

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xɦan´

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ɣanˀ

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hǎn

ze1

tsiaă

tsiaă

hǎn

tʂ‘iaă`

tɕ‘iaăʰ

[]àk

hǎn

xamˇ

haam3

ham6

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xamˀ

ɣɛrmˀ

ʐɛrmˀ

hǎn

laam4

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k‘am`

lam`

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lamʰ

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[Cr]ámʃ

[k‑k]ámʃ

[xj]ámă

hǎn

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[ăkr]ámă

hǎn

hàn

xanˇ

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[‑]an

hǎn

hàn

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xan´

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xanˀ

hǎn

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xarmˀ

hǎn

xiăn

hin1

xian

xɨan

[x]àn

hǎn

k‘jam`

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haam3

ham3

k‘am`

xjaam`

ʂaam´

k‘amʰ

xarmʰ

ʂɛrmˀ

[]ámă

[x]ámʃ

[xr]ámʃ

hǎn

haam2

hàn

zat6

tsɦit

dzit

hàn

hon6

xjaam`

xarmʰ

hàn

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xɦan`

ɣanʰ

hàn

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xaă´

xɦan`

xaăˀ

ɣanʰ

hàn

hon6

xɦan`

ɣanʰ

hàn

heoi1

xyă

xuă

hàn

hon6

hyun1

wun6

xyan´

xɦuan´

ʂyan

xuanˀ

ɕuan

ɣwanˀ

hàn

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xan`

xanʰ

hàn

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xɦan`

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hàn

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hàn

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hàn

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hàn

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zim2

xam`

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xǝmʰ

xǝmˀ

hàn

hàn

aa1

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xan`

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[mx]ánă

[mx]ánʃ

hàn

xɦan`

ɣanʰ

hàn

ŋwaan`

ŋwarnʰ

hàn

xan`

hon5

hon6

xɦan`

ɣanʰ

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hàn

xam`

ham6

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ɣǝmʰ

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hàn

hon6

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ɣanʰ

[ăk]ánʃ

hàn

hon2

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xɦan`

xɦjaan´

ɣanʰ

ɣarnˀ

[ăk]ánʃ

[ăkr]ánă

hàn

haam5

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k‘am

k‘jaam´

xɦjaam´

k‘ǝm

k‘ɛrmˀ

ɣarmˀ

hàn

xam`

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hàn

an`

gon3

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kan`

kanʰ

[k]ánʃ

hàn

xan`

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hàn

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ɣwanˀ

hàn

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xan`

xan´

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[mx]ánă

[mx]ánʃ

hàn

kam

gam1

kam

kam

[k]ám

hàn

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xan`

xanʰ

[mx]ánʃ

hàn

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kam´

t‘am`

kamˀ

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hàn

xuănˇ

wun2

wun5

xɦuan´

ɣwanˀ

[ăkw]ánă

hàn

xan`

hon6

xɦan`

ɣanʰ

hàn

t‘an

taan1

taan5

nan`

t‘an

xan´

nanʰ

t‘an

xanˀ

[]án

[k‑kj]án

[n]ánʃ

hàn

hon6

xan´

xanˀ

hàn

hon3

hon5

rian´

xan`

xan´

xanʰ

xanˀ

ɲianˀ

[mx]ánă

[mx]ánʃ

[n]ànă

hàn

xɦan´

ɣanˀ

hàn

hon6

xɦwaan´

ɣwarnˀ

[ăkwr]ánă

hàn

xan`

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xɦan

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ɣanʰ

[ăk]án

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hàn

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ɣǝmʰ

hàn

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ŋǝmˀ

[ăx]ə́mă

hàn

ham5

xɦam`

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ŋǝmˀ

ɣǝmʰ

hàn

hon6

xɦan`

ɣanʰ

hàn

xjaam`

xjaap

xɦam`

xarmʰ

xarp

ɣamʰ

hàn

an`

hon6

ngon6

tsan

xɦan`

ŋan

ŋan`

*tsarn

ŋan

ŋanʰ

ɣanʰ

[]án

[ăk]ánʃ

[ăx]án

[ăx]ánʃ

hàn

hon6

xɦan`

ɣanʰ

[ăk]ánʃ

hàn

xan`

hon6

hàn

an`

hon6

xɦan`

ɣanʰ

[ăk]ánʃ

hàn

xɦan`

ɣanʰ

hàn

xam`

ham5

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ŋǝmˀ

ɣǝm

[w]ə́m

[ăx]ə́mă

hàn

ham5

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ɣǝm

hàn

ham6

jam1

k‘im

k‘jim´

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[x(r)]ə̀m

[xj]ə̀mă

[ăx]ə́mă

hàn

hon5

hon6

xɦan`

ɣanʰ

hàn

gon1

hon6

kan

kan

hàn

hon4

xɦan

ɣan

[ăk]án

Mandarin

Cantonese

MCK

OCK

hān

hán

hàn

ham1

ham3

ham4

ngam4

ngam6

ngan4

ham1

ham3

ham4

ngam4

ngam6

ngan4

ham1

ham3

ham4

ngam4

ngam6

ngan4

ɣậm3

χậm1

ɣậm3

χậm1

ɣậm3

χậm1

g‘ǝm3

χǝm1

g‘ǝm3

χǝm1

g‘ǝm3

χǝm1

hān

ham1

ɣâm3

χâm1

hān

lim5

lim6

χâm1

hān

ɣâm1

hān

hon4

hon6

ngon6

ngân1

ngân3

ngân1

ngân3

hān

hán

hon4

hon4

ɣâm1

ɣâm1

hān

ham1

χâm1

hān

ham1

χậm1

hān

hàn

ham4

ham4

ɣâm1

ɣâm1

g‘âm1

g‘âm1

hān

hon1

ngân3

ngât

χân1

hān

χậm1

hān

ɣâm1

hān

hon4

hon6

ɣân3

χân1

hán

hon4

hán

ham4

χậm1

hán

haam4

hán

haam6

ham4

hán

ham4

ɣậm1

hán

ham4

ɣậm1

hán

ham4

ɣậm1

hán

hàn

hon4

hon6

hon4

hon6

ɣân1

ɣân3

ɣân1

ɣân3

hán

ham4

kậm1

ɣậm1

hán

haam4

ɣậm1

ɣăm1

g‘ǝm1

g‘ɛm1

hán

hán

ham4

ɣậm1

g‘ǝm1

hán

ɣậm1

g‘ǝm1

hán

hon4

ɣân1

g‘ân1

hán

hán

gon1

kân1

kân1

hán

gon3

kân3

kân3

hán

ɣậm1

hán

gaam1

ɣăm1

hán

hàn

hon4

hon6

hong6

hon4

hon6

hong6

kân1

ɣân1

ɣân3

kân1

ɣân1

ɣân3

g‘ân1

g‘ân3

kân1

g‘ân1

g‘ân3

kân1

hán

hàn

ɣậm3

ɣậm3

hán

hàn

haam4

haam4

ngậm2

ɣậm1

ngậm2

ɣậm1

g‘ǝm1

ngǝm2

g‘ǝm1

ngǝm2

hán

hàn

jim1

jim1

i̯äm2

ngậm2

ˑăm1

ˑăm3

i̯äm2

ngậm2

ˑăm1

ˑăm3

ngǝm2

zǝm2!!

ˑɛm1

ˑɛm3

ngǝm2

zǝm2!!

ˑɛm1

ˑɛm3

hán

hàn

ham3

ham3

ɣậm3

ɣậm3

hán

ɣậm1

hán

ngậm2

ɣậm1

hán

gon1

hon4

ɣân1

g‘ân1

hán

hon4

kân1

ɣân1

g‘ân1

kân1

hán

hàn

ham4

hon4

ham4

hon4

ɣâm1

ɣân1

ɣâm1

ɣân1

hán

gon1

hong5

χâng2

hán

kim4

g‘i̯äm1

hán

ɣậm1

hán

hon4

-ân1??

hán

hàn

gap3

hap6

gap3

hap6

kập

ngậm2

kập

ngậm2

hán

hàn

hon4

hon6

hon4

hon6

k‘an1

ɣân3

k‘an1

ɣân3

g‘ân3

k‘an1

g‘ân3

k‘an1

hǎn

gaan2

gaan3

kan3

hǎn

ham3

tṣ‘am3

ɣâm3

χam2

hǎn

gam3

ham3

ɣam3

hǎn

hàn

hon2

hon2

χân2

χân3

χân2

χân3

hǎn

ɣân2

hǎn

hàn

hon5

hon5

ɣân2

ɣân2

hǎn

ze1

tsi̯a1

hǎn

tś‘i̯a3

tˆ‘i̯ag3

hǎn

haam3

ham6

dẓ‘ăm2

ɣăm2

χâm2

hǎn

laam4

laam6

k‘âm3

lâm3

χâm2

k‘âm3

lâm3

χâm2

hǎn

haam5

ɣam2

g‘am2

hǎn

hàn

hon2

hon2

-ân1??

-ân1??

hǎn

hàn

hon5

hon6

hon5

hon6

χân2

χân2

hǎn

χam2

hǎn

hin1

χi̯ɒn1

χi̯ăn1

hǎn

haam2

haam3

ham3

k‘âm3

ṣăm2

χam3

k‘âm3

ṣăm2

χam3

hǎn

haam2

hàn

zat6

dz‘i̯ĕt

hàn

hon6

χam3

hàn

hon6

ɣân3

hàn

hon6

ɣân3

χâ2

hàn

hon6

ɣân3

hàn

heoi1

χi̯u1

hàn

hon6

hyun1

wun6

śi̯wɒn1

ɣuân2

χi̯wɒn2

hàn

hon2

hon3

zin5

χân3

hàn

hon6

hong2

ɣân3

hàn

haam6

ɣâm3

ɣậm3

ɣăm3

hàn

k‘âm2

χâm3

hàn

ɣâm1

ɣâm3

hàn

haam2

zim2

χậm2

χậm3

hàn

hàn

aa1

hon3

χân2

χân3

χân2

χân3

hàn

ɣân3

hàn

ngwan3

hàn

hon5

hon6

ɣân3

g‘ân3

hàn

ham6

ɣậm3

g‘ǝm3

hàn

hon6

ɣân3

g‘ân3

hàn

hon2

hon5

hon6

ɣan2

ɣân3

g‘an2

g‘ân3

hàn

haam5

hon6

k‘ậm1

k‘ăm2

ɣam2

hàn

ham6

ngậm2

hàn

gon3

hon6

kân3

kân3

hàn

hon5

ɣân2

g‘ân2

hàn

wun5

ɣuân2

hàn

hon3

χân2

χân3

χân2

χân3

hàn

gam1

kâm1

kâm1

hàn

hon3

χân3

χân3

hàn

gam2

kâm2

t‘âm3

hàn

wun2

wun5

ɣuân2

g‘wân2

hàn

hon6

ɣân3

hàn

taan1

taan5

nân3

t‘ân1

χân2

nân3

t‘ân1

χân2

hàn

hon6

χân2

hàn

hon3

hon5

ńźi̯än2

χân2

χân3

ńi̯an2

χân2

χân3

hàn

ɣân2

hàn

hon6

ɣwan2

g‘wan2

hàn

hon6

ɣân1

ɣân3

g‘ân1

g‘ân3

hàn

ngậm2

ɣậm3

hàn

aam2

haam5

ngậm2

ngǝm2

hàn

ham5

ngậm2

ɣậm3

hàn

hon6

ɣân3

hàn

ɣâm3

χam3

χap

hàn

hon6

ngon6

ngân1

ngân3

tsan1

ɣân3

g‘ân3

ngân1

ngân3

ts-1

hàn

hon6

ɣân3

g‘ân3

hàn

hon6

hàn

hon6

ɣân3

g‘ân3

hàn

ɣân3

hàn

ham5

ngậm2

ɣậm1

g‘ǝm1

ngǝm2

hàn

ham5

ngậm2

ɣậm1

hàn

ham6

jam1

k‘i̯ǝm1

k‘i̯ǝm2

ngậm2

k‘i̯ǝm1

k‘i̯ǝm2

ngǝm2

hàn

hon5

hon6

ɣân3

hàn

gon1

hon6

kân1

hàn

hon4

ɣân1

g‘ân1